Identifying Quantum Structure in AI Language: Evidence for Evolutionary Convergence of Human and Artificial Cognition 文章

arXiv:2511.21731v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We present the results of cognitive tests on conceptual combinations, performed using specific Large Language Models (LLMs) as test subjects. In the first test, performed with ChatGPT and Gemini, we show that Bell's inequalities are significantly violated, which indicates the presence of a 'non-classical probability model' with probabilities that do not satisfy Kolmogorov's axioms. In the second test, also performed using ChatGPT and Gemini, we identify the presence of 'Bose-Einstein statistics', rather than the intuitively expected 'Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics', in the distribution of the words contained in large-size texts. Interestingly, these findings mirror the results previously obtained in both cognitive tests with human participants and information retrieval tests on large corpora.