ADAPTIVE INTERFACES AND AGENTS 论文

摘要

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434Functions: Supporting System Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Taking Over Parts of Routine Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Adapting the Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Helping With System Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Mediating Interaction with the Real World . . . . . . . . . 438Controlling a Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Functions: Supporting InformationAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Helping Users to Find Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Support for browsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Support for query-based search or filtering . . . . . . 442Spontaneous Provision of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Recommending Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Tailoring Information Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Supporting Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444Supporting Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Usability Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446Threats to Predictability and Comprehensibility . . . . . 447Threats to Controllability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Obtrusiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448Threats to Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448Breadth of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448Dealing With Trade-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448Obtaining Information About Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Explicit Self-Reports and -Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Self-reports about objective personalcharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Self-assessments of interests and knowledge . . . . 449Self-reports on specific evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Responses to test items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Nonexplicit Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Naturally Occurring Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Previously Stored Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Low-Level Indices of Psychological States . . . . . . . . . . 451Signals Concerning the Current Surroundings . . . . . . 451Special Considerations ConcerningEmpirical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Use of Data Collected With a Nonadaptive System . . . . 451Early Studies of Usage Scenarios andUser Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Wizard of Oz Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Comparisons With the Work of Human Designers . . . . 453Experimental Comparisons of Adaptiveand Nonadaptive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Taking Into Account Individual Differences . . . . . . . . . 454Checking Usability Under Realistic Conditions . . . . . . 454The Future of User-Adaptive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454Growing Need for User-Adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454Diversity of users and contexts of use . . . . . . . . . . 454Number and complexity of interactive systems . . . 454Scope of information to be dealt with . . . . . . . . . . 454Increasing Feasibility of Successful Adaptation . . . . . . 455Ways of acquiring information about users . . . . . . 455Advances in techniques for learning,inference, and decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Attention to empirical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455This chapter covers a broad range of interactive systems. They all have one idea in common: It can be worthwhile for a system to learn something about each individual user and adapt its behavior to them in some nontrivial way.