Learning Disabilities: Characteristics, Identification, and Teaching Strategies 论文

摘要

All chapters begin with Introduction, and most chapters conclude with Summary, Questions and Activities, and References. Preface. I. INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING DISABILITIES. 1. Changing Definitions of Learning Disabilities. Major Groups of Theorists. Cognitive-Processing Perspectives. Historical Phases. Components of the Definition. Who Are These Kids? 2. Medical Aspects of Learning Disabilities. Medical and Educational Models. Learning and the Nervous System. Etiology of Learning Disabilities. Medical Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities. Medical Treatments for Learning Problems. 3. Cognition and Language Characteristics of Students with Learning Disabilities. Intelligence. Attention. Memory in Children with Learning Disabilities. Cognitive Style. Study of Language. Syntax and Semantics. Pragmatics: Language in Context. 4. Personality and Social Characteristics of Students with Learning Disabilities. Personality Variables. Social Development of Children with Learning Disabilities. 5. Assessment of Learning Disabilities. Broad Purposes of Assessment. Assessment for Eligibility Decisions. Sample Eligibility Reports. Assessment for Instruction. II. CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES. 6. Learning Characteristics in Reading and Language Arts. Reading Difficulties of Students with Learning Disabilities. Conceptualization of Reading Skills. Word Recognition. Word Comprehension. Sentence Comprehension. Comprehension of Longer Texts. Instructional Strategies for Improving Comprehension. Oral Reading Skills. Writing Skills. Whole-Language Instruction. 7. Learning Characteristics in Math. Cognitive Abilities and Math Skills. Types of Math Learning Disabilities. Math Skills in Sequential Context. Curriculum-Based Assessment in Mathematics. Instructional Systems for Mathematics. Prognosis in Mathematics. 8. Students with Learning Disabilities in the Classroom. Adaptive Behavior of Children with Learning Disabilities. Elementary Teacher Interactions. Cognitive Characteristics of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities. Social and Emotional Characteristics in Secondary Classrooms. Summary of Educational Characteristics of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities. Secondary School. III. PLACEMENT, SERVICES, AND EDUCATIONAL TREATMENTS. 9. Educational Placements and Services. Self-Contained Classes. Resource Rooms. Mainstream-with-Consultation Model. Inclusion Service Delivery Models. Issues in Placement. Specialized Instructional Strategies. 10. Behavioral Treatment Interventions. Common Ground among Behavioral Treatments. Techniques Involving Positive Consequences. Techniques Involving Negative Consequences. Summary of Behavioral Interventions. Specialized Behavioral Strategies. 11. Metacognitive Instructional Approaches for Students with Learning Disabilities. Metacognitive Model of Learning. Nonspecific Cognitive Strategies. Reciprocal Teaching. Self-Monitoring. 12. Technology for Persons with Learning Disabilities. Early Technology Applications. Hypermedia-Enhanced Learning. Multimedia-Enhanced Learning. Instructional Applications of the Internet. 13. Adults with Learning Disabilities. Characteristics of Youth and Adults with Learning Disabilities. Vocational Opportunities. College Opportunities for Youth with Learning Disabilities. 14. Future Issues in the Field of Learning Disabilities. Co-Occurring Disorders. Subtyping Research. Services across the Age Span. Implications of Brain-Based Research for Learning. Teacher Preparation. Professional Improvement. An Uncertain Future: The Challenge. Appendix: Objectives for the IEPS of Students with Learning Disabilities. Glossary. Name Index. Subject Index.