Measurement and Assessment in Education 论文

摘要

Each chapter begins with and concludes with Summary, Tables, Figures, and Special Interest Topics. 1. Introduction to Educational Assessment. The Language of Assessment. Assumptions of Educational Assessment. Participants in the Assessment Process. Common Application of Educational Assessments. What Teachers Need to Know About Assessment. Educational Assessment in the 21st Century. 2. The Basic Mathematics of Measurement. The Role of Mathematics in Assessment. Scales of Measurement. The Description of Test Scores. Correlation Coefficients. 3. The Meaning of Test Scores. Norm-Referenced & Criterion-Referenced Score Interpretations. Norm-Referenced, Criterion-Referenced, or Both? Qualitative Description of Scores. 4. Reliability for Teachers. Errors of Measurement. Methods of Estimating Reliability. The Standard Error of Measurement. Reliability: Practical Strategies for Teachers. 5. for Teachers. of Validity versus of Types of Evidence. Validity: Practical Strategies for Teachers. 6. Item Analysis for Teachers. Item Difficulty Index (or Item Difficulty Level). Item Discrimination. Distracter Analysis. Item Analysis: Practical Strategies for Teachers. Using Item Analysis to Improve Items. Item Analysis and Performance Assessments. Qualitative Item Analysis. Using Item Analysis to Improve Classroom Instruction. 7. The Initial Steps in Developing a Classroom Test: Deciding What to Test and How to Test It. Characteristics of Educational Objectives. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Behavioral versus Nonbehavioral Educational Objectives. Writing Educational Objectives. Developing a Table of Specifications. Implementing the Table of Specifications and Developing an Assessment. Preparing your Students and Administering the Assessment. 8. The Development and Use of Selected-Response Items. Multiple-choice Items. True-False Items. Matching Items. 9. The Development and Use of Constructed-Response Items. Oral Testing: The Oral Essay as a Precursor of Constructed-Response Items. Essay Items. Short-Answer Items. A Final Note: Constructed-Response versus Selected-Response Items. 10. Performance Assessments & Portfolios. Introduction - What Are Performance Assessments? Guidelines for Developing Effective Performance Assessments. Strengths & Weaknesses of Performance Assessments. Portfolios. Guidelines for Developing Portfolio Assessments. Strengths & Weaknesses of Portfolios. 11. Assigning Grades on the Basis of Classroom Assessments. Feedback and Evaluation. Reporting Student Progress: Which Symbols to Use. The Basis for Assigning Grades. Frame of Reference. Combining Grades Into a Composite. Informing Students of Grading System. Parent Conferences. 12. Standardized Achievement Tests in the Era of High-Stakes Assessment. Group Administered Achievement Tests. Individual Achievement Tests. Selecting an Achievement Battery. 13. The Use of Aptitude Tests in the Schools. A Brief History of Intelligence Tests. The Use of Aptitude and Intelligence Tests in the Schools. Aptitude and Intelligence Tests. College Admission Tests. 14. Assessment of Behavior and Personality. Assessing Behavior and Personality. Behavior Rating Scales. Self-Report Measures. Projective Techniques. 15. Assessment Accommodations for Students with Disabilities. Major Legislation that Impact the Assessment of Students with Disabilities. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Section 504. The Rationale for Accommodations. When are Accommodations Not Appropriate or Necessary? Strategies for Accommodations. Determining What Accommodations to Provide. Reporting Results of Modified Assessments. 16. The Problem of Bias in Educational Assessment. What Do We Mean By Bias? Past and Present Concerns: A Brief Look. The Controversy over Bias in Testing: Its Origin, What it is, and What it is Not. Cultural Bias and the Nature of Psychological Testing. Objections to the Use of Educational Tests with Minorities. The Problem of Definition in the Study of Bias. Culture Free Tests, Cultural Loading, and Cultural Bias. Inappropriate Indicators of Bias: Mean Differences & Equivalent Distributions. Bias in Test Content. Bias in Other Internal Features of Tests. Bias in Predictive and in Relation to Variables External to the Test. 17. Best Practices in Educational Assessment. Guidelines for Developing Assessments. Guidelines for Published Assessments. Guidelines for Administering Assessments. Guidelines for Scoring Assessments. Guidelines for Interpreting, Using, and Communicating Assessment Results. Responsibilities of Test Takers. Appendices. Appendix A: Student Evaluation (JCSEE, 2003). Appendix B: Code of Professional Responsibilities in Educational Measurement (NCME, 1995). Appendix C: Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education (JCTP, 1988). Appendix D: Joint Committee on Testing Practices Rights and Responsibilities of Test Takers: Guidelines and Expectations. Appendix E: Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students. Appendix F: Table showing the proportion of scores below any given point in a distribution by specifying standard deviation units. Appendix G: Answers to Chapter Practice Problems.