Quantum equilibration in finite time 论文

摘要

It has recently been shown that small quantum subsystems generically equilibrate, in the sense that they spend most of the time close to a fixed equilibrium state. This relies on just two assumptions: that the state is spread over many different energies, and that the Hamiltonian has non-degenerate energy gaps. Given the same assumptions, it has also been shown that closed systems equilibrate with respect to realistic measurements. We extend these results in two important ways. Firstly, we prove equilibration over a finite (rather than infinite) time-interval, allowing us to bound the equilibration time. Secondly, we weaken the non-degenerate energy gaps condition, showing that equilibration occurs provided that no energy gap is hugely degenerate.