Charting a Manifold 论文

摘要

this paper we use m i ( j ) N ( j ; i , s ), with the scale parameter s specifying the expected size of a neighborhood on the manifold in sample space. A reasonable choice is s = r/2, so that 2erf(2) > 99.5% of the density of m i ( j ) is contained in the area around y i where the manifold is expected to be locally linear. With uniform p i and i , m i ( j ) and fixed, the MAP estimates of the GMM covariances are S i = m i ( j ) (y j i )(y j i ) # + ( j i )( j i ) # +S j m i ( j ) . (3) Note that each covariance S i is dependent on all other S j . The MAP estimators for all covariances can be arranged into a set of fully constrained linear equations and solved exactly for their mutually optimal values. This key step brings nonlocal information about the manifold's shape into the local description of each neighborhood, ensuring that adjoining neighborhoods have similar covariances and small angles between their respective subspaces. Even if a local subset of data points are dense in a direction perpendicular to the manifold, the prior encourages the local chart to orient parallel to the manifold as part of a globally optimal solution, protecting against a pathology noted in [8]. Equation (3) is easily adapted to give a reduced number of charts and/or charts centered on local centroids. 4 Connecting the charts We now build a connection for set of charts specified as an arbitrary nondegenerate GMM. A GMM gives a soft partitioning of the dataset into neighborhoods of mean k and covariance S k . The optimal variance-preserving low-dimensional coordinate system for each neighborhood derives from its weighted principal component analysis, which is exactly specified by the eigenvectors of its covariance matrix: Eigendecompose V k L k V # k S k with...