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Increasing the person's illusion of going into the virtual world may increase how effectively VR distracts pain. Healthy volunteers aged 18-20 years participated in a double-blind between-groups design. Each subject received a brief baseline thermal pain stimulus, and the same stimulus again minutes later with either a Low Tech or a High Tech VR distraction. Each subject provided subjective 0-10 ratings of cognitive, sensory and affective components of pain, and rated their illusion of going inside the virtual world. Subjects in the High Tech VR group reported a stronger illusion of going into the virtual world (VR presence) than subjects in the Low Tech VR group, (4.2 vs. 2.5, respectively, P = 0.009) and more pain reduction (reduction of worst pain is 3.1 for High Tech VR vs. 0.7 for Low Tech VR, P < 0.001). Across groups, the amount of pain reduction was positively and significantly correlated with VR presence levels reported by subjects ( r = 0.48 for 'worst pain', P < 0.005).","2004-07-30",2004,"Pain",267,[156,171,172],"Surgical Simulation and Training","Pain Management and Placebo Effect","paper_W2032847041","The Analgesic Effects of Opioids and Immersive Virtual Reality Distraction: Evidence from Subjective and Functional Brain Imaging Assessments","{\"openalex\":\"W2032847041\",\"doi\":\"10.1213/01.ane.0000270205.45146.db\"}","2026-05-21T11:18:19.199256556","2026-05-21T11:18:19.200793604","10.1213/01.ane.0000270205.45146.db","W2032847041","In Brief BACKGROUND: Immersive virtual reality (VR) is a novel form of distraction analgesia, yet its effects on pain-related brain activity when used adjunctively with opioid analgesics are unknown. We used subjective pain ratings and functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure pain and pain-related brain activity in subjects receiving opioid and/or VR distraction. METHODS: Healthy subjects (n = 9) received thermal pain stimulation and were exposed to four intervention conditions in a within-subjects design: (a) control (no analgesia), (b) opioid administration [hydromorphone (4 ng/mL target plasma level)], (c) immersive VR distraction, and (d) combined opioid + VR. Outcomes included subjective pain reports (0–10 labeled graphic rating scales) and blood oxygen level-dependent assessments of brain activity in five specific, pain-related regions of interest. RESULTS: Opioid alone significantly reduced subjective pain unpleasantness ratings (P < 0.05) and significantly reduced pain-related brain activity in the insula (P < 0.05) and thalmus (P < 0.05). VR alone significantly reduced both worst pain (P < 0.01) and pain unpleasantness (P < 0.01) and significantly reduced pain-related brain activity in the insula (P < 0.05), thalmus (P < 0.05), and SS2 (P < 0.05). Combined opioid + VR reduced pain reports more effectively than did opioid alone on all subjective pain measures (P < 0.01). Patterns of pain-related blood oxygen level-dependent activity were consistent with subjective analgesic reports. CONCLUSIONS: These subjective pain reports and objective functional magnetic resonance imaging results demonstrate converging evidence for the analgesic efficacy of opioid administration alone and VR distraction alone. Furthermore, patterns of pain-related brain activity support the significant subjective analgesic effects of VR distraction when used as an adjunct to opioid analgesia. These results provide preliminary data to support the clinical use of multimodal (e.g., combined pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) analgesic techniques. IMPLICATIONS: In response to experimental pain, subjects reported subjective analgesia and demonstrated reductions in pain-related brain activity with either opioid administration or virtual reality distraction, whereas combining the two interventions further improved the two analgesic end points. These results provide preliminary data to support the clinical use of multimodal (e.g., combined pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) analgesic techniques.","2007-12-01",2007,"Anesthesia & Analgesia",289,[155,156,186],"Pain Management and Treatment",{"_59":188,"_61":189},[],[190],{"_64":191,"_66":192,"_68":193,"_70":194},1784417768586,{"_73":196,"_75":76,"_77":191,"_78":-5,"_79":26,"_80":26,"_81":26,"_82":-5,"_83":-5,"_84":85,"_35":86,"_87":88},[72,195],"[\"portal\",\"industries\"]","industries",[197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208],{"_15":270,"_29":271,"_31":-5,"_32":272,"_33":273,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":274,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":271,"_58":273},{"_15":266,"_29":267,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":268,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":269,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":267,"_58":268},{"_15":260,"_29":261,"_31":-5,"_32":262,"_33":263,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":264,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":261,"_58":263},{"_15":256,"_29":257,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":258,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":259,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":257,"_58":258},{"_15":252,"_29":253,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":254,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":255,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":253,"_58":254},{"_15":246,"_29":247,"_31":-5,"_32":248,"_33":249,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":250,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":247,"_58":249},{"_15":241,"_29":242,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":243,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":244,"_221":26,"_222":245,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":242,"_58":243},{"_15":237,"_29":238,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":239,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":240,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":238,"_58":239},{"_15":233,"_29":234,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":235,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":236,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":234,"_58":235},{"_15":229,"_29":230,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":231,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":232,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":230,"_58":231},{"_15":225,"_29":226,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":227,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":228,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":226,"_58":227},{"_15":209,"_29":210,"_31":-5,"_32":-5,"_33":211,"_34":-5,"_35":36,"_37":-5,"_39":-5,"_40":212,"_42":-5,"_44":-5,"_213":214,"_215":-5,"_216":76,"_217":218,"_219":220,"_221":26,"_222":85,"_223":26,"_224":-5,"_57":210,"_58":211},"tax_ind_smartphone","智能手机","Smartphone","manual","taxonomyType","INDUSTRY","code","level","parentId","tax_ind_root","path","科技行业/智能手机","sortOrder","isLeaf","entityCount","children","tax_ind_robot","机器人","Robotics","科技行业/机器人","tax_ind_wearable","智能穿戴","Smart Wearables","科技行业/智能穿戴","tax_ind_energy","新能源与智能制造","New Energy & Smart Manufacturing","科技行业/新能源与智能制造","tax_ind_biotech","生物科技","Biotech","科技行业/生物科技","tax_ind_quantum","量子计算","Quantum Computing","科技行业/量子计算",true,"tax_ind_blockchain","区块链",[251],"Blockchain","科技行业/区块链","Web3","tax_ind_enterprise","企业软件","Enterprise Software","科技行业/企业软件","tax_ind_security","网络安全","Cybersecurity","科技行业/网络安全","tax_ind_semi","半导体",[265],"Semiconductor","科技行业/半导体","芯片","tax_ind_cloud","云计算","Cloud Computing","科技行业/云计算","tax_ind_ai","人工智能",[275,276],"Artificial Intelligence","科技行业/人工智能","AI","AI 技术","env",{"_279":24},"SITE_BASE_URL"]

Todd L. Richards 人物

Todd L. Richards · 相关文章